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object(App\Model\Entity\Language) id:0 {'id' => (int) 1 'name' => 'Jewish English Lexicon' 'subdomain' => 'jel' 'i18nspec' => 'en_US' 'translationfile' => 'default.po' 'HeaderImage' => 'testheader3.jpg' 'LogoImage' => 'Logo-hi-resscaled.jpg' 'AboutSec1Header' => 'Welcome' 'AboutSec1Text' => 'Welcome to the Jewish English Lexicon (JEL), a collaborative database of distinctive words that are used in the speech or writing of English-speaking Jews. Think of it as the Wiktionary or Urban Dictionary of Jewish language. The words in this database stem from several languages of the Jewish past and present, including the Hebrew and Aramaic of ancient biblical and rabbinic texts, the Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and other languages that developed over centuries of Jewish life in "the old country," and the Modern Hebrew of contemporary Israel. When Jews use words from this list within their English speech or writing, they indicate not only that they are Jewish but also that they are a certain type of Jew. Some are Yiddish lovers, some are engaged in religious life and learning, some have a strong connection to Israel, some have Persian or Syrian heritage, and some are all of the above. Because Jewish and non-Jewish social networks overlap, these words are not used exclusively by Jews. Some are English words that certain Jews use in distinctive ways, and some are Yiddish-origin words that have become part of the English language. JEL was started in 2007 as a class project in <a href="http://huc.edu/faculty/faculty/benor.shtml">Sarah Bunin Benor</a>'s course "American Jewish Language and Identity in Historical Context" at <a href="http://www.huc.edu/">Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion</a> in Los Angeles. Students were asked to contribute words that they heard from their friends or read online or in print, as well as definitions, example sentences, and source languages. Many of the entries already appeared in one or more of the <a href="https://jel.jewish-languages.org/notes">published Jewish English Dictionaries</a>, but many appear here for the first time, thanks to the students and visitors like you. By design, JEL is a work in progress. We hope you will help us build and refine it. If you notice a word missing, add it. If you want to suggest an edit to an existing entry, you can click the "edit" button on that entry. All changes are moderated. We invite you to experience the lexicon by browsing, searching, sorting, listening to pronunciations, and, most importantly, adding new entries and pronunciations. Past contributors have reported that once they started paying attention, their eyes - and ears - were opened to a whole new world of Jewish English language. ' 'AboutSec1Text_json' => '{"ops":[{"insert":"Welcome to the Jewish English Lexicon (JEL), a collaborative database of distinctive words that are used in the speech or writing of English-speaking Jews. Think of it as the Wiktionary or Urban Dictionary of Jewish language.\n\nThe words in this database stem from several languages of the Jewish past and present, including the Hebrew and Aramaic of ancient biblical and rabbinic texts, the Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and other languages that developed over centuries of Jewish life in \"the old country,\" and the Modern Hebrew of contemporary Israel. When Jews use words from this list within their English speech or writing, they indicate not only that they are Jewish but also that they are a certain type of Jew. Some are Yiddish lovers, some are engaged in religious life and learning, some have a strong connection to Israel, some have Persian or Syrian heritage, and some are all of the above. Because Jewish and non-Jewish social networks overlap, these words are not used exclusively by Jews. Some are English words that certain Jews use in distinctive ways, and some are Yiddish-origin words that have become part of the English language.\n\nJEL was started in 2007 as a class project in "},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/huc.edu\/faculty\/faculty\/benor.shtml"},"insert":"Sarah Bunin Benor"},{"insert":"'s course \"American Jewish Language and Identity in Historical Context\" at\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.huc.edu\/"},"insert":"Hebrew Union College \u2013 Jewish Institute of Religion"},{"insert":"\u00a0in Los Angeles. Students were asked to contribute words that they heard from their friends or read online or in print, as well as definitions, example sentences, and source languages. Many of the entries already appeared in one or more of the\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"https:\/\/jel.jewish-languages.org\/notes"},"insert":"published Jewish English Dictionaries"},{"insert":", but many appear here for the first time, thanks to the students and visitors like you.\n\nBy design, JEL is a work in progress. We hope you will help us build and refine it. If you notice a word missing, add it. If you want to suggest an edit to an existing entry, you can click the \"edit\" button on that entry. All changes are moderated. We invite you to experience the lexicon by browsing, searching, sorting, listening to pronunciations, and, most importantly, adding new entries and pronunciations. Past contributors have reported that once they started paying attention, their eyes - and ears - were opened to a whole new world of Jewish English language.\n"}]}' 'AboutSec2Header' => 'About Us' 'AboutSec2Text' => '<h2>Goals</h2> The goals of the Jewish English Lexicon (JEL) are to collect data on English spoken and written by Jews and to make it available to the public. <h2>JEL Team</h2> <ul> <li>Founding Director: Sarah Bunin Benor</li> <li>Moderator: Kyle Fingerhut</li> <li>Director of Education and Engagement: Hannah Pressman</li> <li>Programmer: Josh Vogel</li> <li>Logo Designer: Daria Hoffman</li> <li>Pronunciation recordings, entry submissions, etc.: Many volunteers!</li> </ul> You can learn more about the team <a href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-language-project">here.</a> If you're interested in contributing or volunteering, <a href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/donate">please let us know.</a> Past team members: Eden Moyal, Lael Sacho-Tanzer, Isaac Bleaman, Noam Fields-Meyer, Leah Helfgott, Hannah Kober, Tsvi Sadan, Chaim Singer-Frankes, Eliran Sobel, and David Voong. Photo credits: <a href="http://www.billaron.com/">Bill Aron</a> (1, 3), <a href="http://www.silverliningphotosbykim.com/">Kim Silverstein</a> (2), Francine Zara Mathur/Sasha Aleiner/<a href="http://www.jewsinallhues.org/">Jews in ALL Hues</a> (4), Ra'anan Boustan (5) and Mijal Bitton (6). <h3>Top word contributors</h3> The people listed here contributed many entries or pronunciations to the JEL. <ul> <li>Mark Bunin Benor</li> <li>Isaac Bleaman</li> <li>Alexandra Casser</li> <li>Rabbi Jordana Chernow-Reader</li> <li>Elliott Ferrell</li> <li>Noam Fields-Meyer</li> <li>Charles Heller</li> <li>Simone Klein</li> <li>Hannah Kober</li> <li>Matan Kruskal</li> <li>Laurie Lax</li> <li>Rabbi Lydia Bloom Medwin</li> <li>Rabbi Daniel Bloom Medwin</li> <li>Anne Prusky</li> <li>Rabbi Joshua Samuels</li> <li>Michael Sandler</li> <li>Dovi Seldowitz</li> <li>Eliran Sobel</li> <li>Chaim Weiser</li> <li>Shira Winter</li> </ul> You too can be listed here! After you have added several entries, please let us know. Names will only be added with permission. <h3>Funding</h3> The JEL is an initiative of the HUC-JIR <a href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-language-project">Jewish Language Project</a> and is made possible by generous funding from: <ul> <li>Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion</li> <li>Dorot Foundation</li> <li>American Academy for Jewish Research Special Initiatives Fund</li> <li>Concentration in Education and Jewish Studies at Stanford University</li> <li>Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Studies in Jewish Education at Brandeis University</li> <li>Mark David</li> <li>Elyssa Elbaz</li> <li>Alicia</li> <li>Rabbi Amy and Gary Perlin</li> </ul> <a href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/donate">Donations</a> are always welcome! If you contribute $360 or more, you will have the option of being listed here. <h3>Privacy</h3> The Lexicon collects minimal data about visitors to the site. Any data that is or will be collected by this site will be covered by the <a href="https://huc.edu/privacy-policy/">HUC Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://huc.edu/cookie-policy/">HUC Cookie Policy</a>. ' 'AboutSec2Text_json' => '{"ops":[{"insert":"Goals"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"The goals of the Jewish English Lexicon (JEL) are to collect data on English spoken and written by Jews and to make it available to the public.\n\nJEL Team"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Founding Director: Sarah Bunin Benor"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Moderator: Kyle Fingerhut"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Director of Education and Engagement: Hannah Pressman"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Programmer: Josh Vogel"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Logo Designer: Daria Hoffman"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Pronunciation recordings, entry submissions, etc.: Many volunteers!"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"\nYou can learn more about the team\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"https:\/\/www.jewishlanguages.org\/jewish-language-project"},"insert":"here."},{"insert":" If you're interested in contributing or volunteering,\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"https:\/\/www.jewishlanguages.org\/donate"},"insert":"please let us know."},{"insert":"\nPast team members: Eden Moyal, Lael Sacho-Tanzer, Isaac Bleaman, Noam Fields-Meyer, Leah Helfgott, Hannah Kober, Tsvi Sadan, Chaim Singer-Frankes, Eliran Sobel, and David Voong.\nPhoto credits:\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.billaron.com\/"},"insert":"Bill Aron"},{"insert":"\u00a0(1, 3),\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.silverliningphotosbykim.com\/"},"insert":"Kim Silverstein"},{"insert":"\u00a0(2), Francine Zara Mathur\/Sasha Aleiner\/"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.jewsinallhues.org\/"},"insert":"Jews in ALL Hues"},{"insert":"\u00a0(4), Ra'anan Boustan (5) and Mijal Bitton (6).\nTop word contributors"},{"attributes":{"header":3},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"The people listed here contributed many entries or pronunciations to the JEL.\nMark Bunin Benor"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Isaac Bleaman"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Alexandra Casser"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Rabbi Jordana Chernow-Reader"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Elliott Ferrell"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Noam Fields-Meyer"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Charles Heller"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Simone Klein"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Hannah Kober"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Matan Kruskal"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Laurie Lax"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Rabbi Lydia Bloom Medwin"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Rabbi Daniel Bloom Medwin"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Anne Prusky"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Rabbi Joshua Samuels"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Michael Sandler"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Dovi Seldowitz"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Eliran Sobel"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Chaim Weiser"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Shira Winter"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"You too can be listed here! After you have added several entries, please let us know. Names will only be added with permission.\n\nFunding"},{"attributes":{"header":3},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"The JEL is an initiative of the HUC-JIR\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"https:\/\/www.jewishlanguages.org\/jewish-language-project"},"insert":"Jewish Language Project"},{"insert":"\u00a0and is made possible by generous funding from:\nHebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Dorot Foundation"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"American Academy for Jewish Research Special Initiatives Fund"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Concentration in Education and Jewish Studies at Stanford University"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Studies in Jewish Education at Brandeis University"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Mark David"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Elyssa Elbaz"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Alicia"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#000000"},"insert":"Rabbi Amy and Gary Perlin"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"https:\/\/www.jewishlanguages.org\/donate"},"insert":"Donations"},{"insert":"\u00a0are always welcome! If you contribute $360 or more, you will have the option of being listed here.\n\nPrivacy"},{"attributes":{"header":3},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"The Lexicon collects minimal data about visitors to the site. Any data that is or will be collected by this site will be covered by the "},{"attributes":{"link":"https:\/\/huc.edu\/privacy-policy\/"},"insert":"HUC Privacy Policy"},{"insert":" and "},{"attributes":{"link":"https:\/\/huc.edu\/cookie-policy\/"},"insert":"HUC Cookie Policy"},{"insert":".\n"}]}' 'AboutSec3Header' => 'Contact Us' 'AboutSec3Text' => 'You can add an entry to the lexicon <a href="https://jel.jewish-languages.org/add">here</a>. To edit an existing entry, click the Edit button in the full entry. If you have general questions or comments about the site, you can contact us <a href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/contact">here</a>. ' 'AboutSec3Text_json' => '{"ops":[{"insert":"You can add an entry to the lexicon\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"https:\/\/jel.jewish-languages.org\/add"},"insert":"here"},{"insert":". To edit an existing entry, click the Edit button in the full entry. If you have general questions or comments about the site, you can contact us\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"https:\/\/www.jewishlanguages.org\/contact"},"insert":"here"},{"insert":".\n"}]}' 'AboutSec4Header' => 'Citation' 'AboutSec4Text' => 'To cite the Lexicon in general: Benor, Sarah Bunin. 2012-present. "Jewish English Lexicon." Los Angeles: Jewish Language Project. https://jel.jewish-languages.org/. To cite a particular entry: Benor, Sarah Bunin. 2012-present. "Tachlis, entry in Jewish English Lexicon." Los Angeles: Jewish Language Project. https://jel.jewish-languages.org/words/556. Attribution: Creative Commons <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Share-Alike</a> 4.0 International. ' 'AboutSec4Text_json' => '{"ops":[{"insert":"To cite the Lexicon in general:\nBenor, Sarah Bunin. 2012-present. \"Jewish English Lexicon.\" Los Angeles: Jewish Language Project. https:\/\/jel.jewish-languages.org\/.\n\nTo cite a particular entry:\nBenor, Sarah Bunin. 2012-present. \"Tachlis, entry in Jewish English Lexicon.\" Los Angeles: Jewish Language Project. https:\/\/jel.jewish-languages.org\/words\/556.\n\n"},{"attributes":{"color":"#000000","background":"transparent"},"insert":"Attribution: Creative Commons\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"inherit","background":"transparent","link":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/"},"insert":"Share-Alike"},{"attributes":{"color":"#000000","background":"transparent"},"insert":"\u00a04.0 International."},{"insert":"\n"}]}' 'NotesSec1Header' => 'NOTES & DISCLAIMERS' 'NotesSec1Text' => '<h2>Spelling</h2> As you browse the Jewish English Lexicon, you'll notice that each entry has a primary spelling and, usually, one or more alternative spellings. How did we determine the primary spelling? In English writing, Hebrew and Yiddish words can be spelled in many different ways. Some publishers use the Library of Congress system for Hebrew and the YIVO system for Yiddish. But words used in Jewish English often come from both Hebrew and Yiddish, and it would be strange to use one system or the other (“Five Books of Moses” and “Jewish law” would be either khumesh and halokhe or ḥumash and halakha). Another option would be to use spellings provided in Jewish English dictionaries, but they are also diverse. Instead, we appealed to a higher authority: <a href="http://www.google.com/advanced_search">Google</a>. Whichever spelling had the most hits in English at the time it was entered is listed in the primary spot. For example, “al regel achat” had 8,540 hits, while “al regel ahat” had only 5,860. At the same time, we want to make sure that visitors searching for a specific word can find it, so we offer multiple alternative spellings, including Ashkenazi, Israeli, and Sephardi/Mizrahi variants. The list of attested spellings is by no means exhaustive, and, as with the rest of the database, we count on visitors like you to add more. <h2>Languages of origin</h2> Similarly, it is often difficult to determine a word’s language of origin. Many of the words that derive originally from Hebrew or Aramaic texts were also incorporated into Yiddish and Modern Hebrew and are now used in English with influences in meaning and pronunciation from Yiddish and/or Modern Hebrew (for details, see Benor’s <a href="http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=4799">2000 paper</a> and <a href="http://becomingfrum.weebly.com/">2012 book</a>). Despite this overlap, we include source language information due to popular demand. Here is a guide to our language names: <ul> <li>English: Words of English stock used distinctly by Jews.</li> <li>Textual Hebrew: Words from Hebrew in the Bible, liturgy, and ancient or medieval rabbinic literature like the Talmud and responsa.</li> <li>Aramaic: Words from Judeo-Aramaic, especially as in the Talmud and some liturgy.</li> <li>Yiddish: Words from Eastern Yiddish (a German-based language with Hebrew/Aramaic, Slavic, and Romance influences) spoken by Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, etc.).</li> <li>Modern Hebrew: Words used in contemporary Israeli Hebrew and/or coined in the modern era.</li> <li>Ladino: Words from Ottoman Judezmo/Judeo-Spanish (a Spanish-based language with Turkish, Greek, Arabic, and Balkan influences) spoken by Sephardim, especially in the Ottoman Empire.</li> <li>Arabic / Judeo-Arabic: Words from Arabic and Judeo-Arabic spoken in Arab lands. Some Arabic words entered English through Modern Hebrew, and others through the Judeo-Arabic, Ladino, or Persian of immigrants to English-speaking countries from Muslim lands.</li> <li>Persian: Words from Persian and Judeo-Persian spoken by Jews in Iran.</li> <li>Russian: Words from various Russian-Jewish ethnolects that emerged as a result of language shift from Yiddish to Russian between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries in Russia and the Soviet Union (including Ukraine and Belarus).</li> <li>Juhuri: Words from Juhuri, a Tat language spoken by the Jewish community of the Eastern Caucasus, often referred to as the Mountain Jews.</li> <li>Bukharian: Words from Bukharian, a Persian language spoken and written by Bukharan Jews in the 18th to 20th centuries in Central Asia (currently Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), since antiquity, most recently in cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, and Dushanbe.</li> <li>Other: Words from languages other than those specified above. </li> </ul> <h2>Who tends to use it</h2> A lexicon is more comprehensive when it includes sociolinguistic information. While any person - Jewish or not - might use any of the words in this lexicon, research has shown that certain types of people are more likely to use certain words (see <a href="http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=3874">Benor and Cohen’s 2009 survey results</a> and <a href="https://www.academia.edu/2902462/Mensch_bentsh_and_balagan_Variation_in_the_American_Jewish_linguistic_repertoire">Benor’s 2011 academic paper</a>). The groups we included are based mostly on Benor and Cohen’s survey data: <h3>Jewishness and religiosity</h3> Religious: Jews who are engaged in religious observance and have some Jewish education Orthodox: Jews who identify as Orthodox and observe halacha (Jewish law) Jews: Jews of diverse religious backgrounds and organizational involvements Non-Jews: (words that have spread outside of Jewish networks and words used by non-Jews to refer to Jews) Chabad: Jews affiliated with the Chabad Lubavitch movement <h3>Connections</h3> Camp: Jews who attend or work at a Jewish overnight summer camp Israel: Diaspora Jews who feel connected to Israel and have spent time there Organizations: People involved in a professional or volunteer capacity with Jewish nonprofit organizations Ethnic: Jews whose Jewish identity is primarily ethnic <h3>Age</h3> Older: Jews who are middle-aged and older Younger: Jews in their 30s or younger <h3>Ancestry</h3> Ashkenazim: Jews with Ashkenazi heritage Sephardim: Jews with Sephardi or Mizrahi heritage Syrian: Jews with recent ancestry in Syria Persian: Jews with recent ancestry in Iran Bukharian: Jews with ancestry in Central Asia, such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Juhuro: Jews with ancestry in the Caucasus region, such as Azerbaijan and Dagestan, also known as Kavkazi, Gorsky, or Mountain Jews Russian: Jews whose ancestors were Russian-speaking Jews and migrated to English-speaking countries from the Soviet Union or Russia from the 1980s to the present North African: Jews with ancestry in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, or Egypt Yemenite: Jews with ancestry in Yemen Ottoman Sephardim: Jews with ancestry in Spain and, post-expulsion, in Turkey, Greece, and other parts of the Ottoman Empire Kurdistan: Jews with ancestry in the Kurdish region of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey Iraqi: Jews with ancestry in Iraq These categories are not intended to represent all subdivisions of American Jews, and they are by no means mutually exclusive; some individuals are part of six or more of the groups. In the absence of specific research on most of the words in this lexicon, this column is based mostly on the impressions of the people who entered the words or subsequently added suggestions; feel free to suggest as you see fit. As these categories suggest, Jewish English is not a homogenous language but rather an umbrella category for English spoken by a diverse group of people. <h2>Jewish English Dictionaries cited in the database</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/New-Joys-Yiddish-Completely-ebook/dp/B003FCTYWU/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397977&sr=8-4">The New Joys of Yiddish</a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/New-Joys-Yiddish-Completely-ebook/dp/B003FCTYWU/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397977&sr=8-4">, by Leo Rosten and Lawrence Bush (New York, 2003[1968]).</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Yiddish-English-America-Judaic-Studies/dp/0817311033/ref=sr_1_10?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398146&sr=1-10">Yiddish and English: A Century of Yiddish in America</a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Yiddish-English-America-Judaic-Studies/dp/0817311033/ref=sr_1_10?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398146&sr=1-10">, by Sol Steinmetz (Tuscaloosa, 1986).</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Joys-of-Hebrew-ebook/dp/B003XVZYG8/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397848&sr=8-2">The Joys of Hebrew</a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Joys-of-Hebrew-ebook/dp/B003XVZYG8/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397848&sr=8-2">, by Lewis Glinert (New York, 1992).</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frumspeak-Dictionary-Yeshivish-Chaim-Weiser/dp/1568216149/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397903&sr=8-1">Frumspeak: The First Dictionary of Yeshivish</a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frumspeak-Dictionary-Yeshivish-Chaim-Weiser/dp/1568216149/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397903&sr=8-1">, by Chaim Weiser (Northvale, 1995).</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Jewish-Words-JPS-Guide/dp/0827608322/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398335&sr=1-1">The JPS Dictionary of Jewish Words</a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Jewish-Words-JPS-Guide/dp/0827608322/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398335&sr=1-1">, by Joyce Eisenberg and Ellen Scolnic, (Philadelphia, 2001).</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Jewish-Usage-Guide-Terms/dp/0742543870/ref=sr_1_7?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398146&sr=1-7">Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms</a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Jewish-Usage-Guide-Terms/dp/0742543870/ref=sr_1_7?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398146&sr=1-7">, by Sol Steinmetz (Lanham, MD, 2005).</a></li> </ul> <h2>Instructions for adding recordings</h2> <ol> <li><a href="https://jel.jewish-languages.org/register">Register</a> to add recordings.</li> <li><a href="https://jel.jewish-languages.org/login">Log in</a>.</li> <li>Search for an entry you want to add a recording for, and click on the result to go to that entry.</li> <li>You should see a RECORD A PRONUNCIATION button and a RECORD A SENTENCE button. Click on the appropriate button.</li> <li>Type the spelling of the pronunciation you are recording. Usually this will be the same as the entry’s primary spelling, but sometimes it will differ, such as "Shabbat" vs. "Shabes."</li> <li>Type a rough transcription of the pronunciation you’re adding. This should use capital letters for the stressed syllable, such as “shah-BAHT” or “SHAH-biss.”</li> <li>Hit the RECORD button. A box will pop up; you may have to give the website permission to access your microphone.</li> <li>Follow the instructions in the box to record your pronunciation. Don’t forget to click SUBMIT.</li> <li>Remember to pronounce the word as you'd pronounce it when speaking English, not as you'd pronounce it when speaking Hebrew, Yiddish, or another language.</li> </ol> Tips for making a high-quality recording: <ul> <li>Make sure you are in a quiet room with little to no background noise. Watch out for things like fans or refrigerators humming in the background!</li> <li>If you have an external microphone, please use that; if not, the built-in microphone on your device is OK as well.</li> </ul> ' 'NotesSec1Text_json' => '{"ops":[{"insert":"Spelling"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"As you browse the Jewish English Lexicon, you'll notice that each entry has a primary spelling and, usually, one or more alternative spellings. How did we determine the primary spelling?\nIn English writing, Hebrew and Yiddish words can be spelled in many different ways. Some publishers use the Library of Congress system for Hebrew and the YIVO system for Yiddish. But words used in Jewish English often come from both Hebrew and Yiddish, and it would be strange to use one system or the other (\u201cFive Books of Moses\u201d and \u201cJewish law\u201d would be either "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"khumesh "},{"insert":"and "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"halokhe "},{"insert":"or "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"\u1e25umash "},{"insert":"and "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"halakha"},{"insert":"). Another option would be to use spellings provided in Jewish English dictionaries, but they are also diverse. Instead, we appealed to a higher authority:\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search"},"insert":"Google"},{"insert":". Whichever spelling had the most hits in English at the time it was entered is listed in the primary spot. For example, \u201cal regel achat\u201d had 8,540 hits, while \u201cal regel ahat\u201d had only 5,860.\nAt the same time, we want to make sure that visitors searching for a specific word can find it, so we offer multiple alternative spellings, including Ashkenazi, Israeli, and Sephardi\/Mizrahi variants. The list of attested spellings is by no means exhaustive, and, as with the rest of the database, we count on visitors like you to add more.\nLanguages of origin"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Similarly, it is often difficult to determine a word\u2019s language of origin. Many of the words that derive originally from Hebrew or Aramaic texts were also incorporated into Yiddish and Modern Hebrew and are now used in English with influences in meaning and pronunciation from Yiddish and\/or Modern Hebrew (for details, see Benor\u2019s\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.bjpa.org\/Publications\/details.cfm?PublicationID=4799"},"insert":"2000 paper"},{"insert":" and\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/becomingfrum.weebly.com\/"},"insert":"2012 book"},{"insert":"). Despite this overlap, we include source language information due to popular demand. Here is a guide to our language names:\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"English: "},{"insert":"Words of English stock used distinctly by Jews."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Textual Hebrew:"},{"insert":"\u00a0Words from Hebrew in the Bible, liturgy, and ancient or medieval rabbinic literature like the Talmud and responsa."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Aramaic: "},{"insert":"Words from Judeo-Aramaic, especially as in the Talmud and some liturgy."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Yiddish: "},{"insert":"Words from Eastern Yiddish (a German-based language with Hebrew\/Aramaic, Slavic, and Romance influences) spoken by Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, etc.)."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Modern Hebrew:"},{"insert":"\u00a0Words used in contemporary Israeli Hebrew and\/or coined in the modern era."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Ladino:"},{"insert":"\u00a0Words from Ottoman Judezmo\/Judeo-Spanish (a Spanish-based language with Turkish, Greek, Arabic, and Balkan influences) spoken by Sephardim, especially in the Ottoman Empire."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Arabic \/ Judeo-Arabic: "},{"insert":"Words from Arabic and Judeo-Arabic spoken in Arab lands. Some Arabic words entered English through Modern Hebrew, and others through the Judeo-Arabic, Ladino, or Persian of immigrants to English-speaking countries from Muslim lands."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Persian:"},{"insert":" Words from Persian and Judeo-Persian spoken by Jews in Iran."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Russian:"},{"insert":" Words from various Russian-Jewish ethnolects that emerged as a result of language shift from Yiddish to Russian between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries in Russia and the Soviet Union (including Ukraine and Belarus)."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Juhuri:"},{"insert":" Words from Juhuri, a Tat language spoken by the Jewish community of the Eastern Caucasus, often referred to as the Mountain Jews."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Bukharian:"},{"insert":" Words from Bukharian, a Persian language spoken and written by Bukharan Jews in the 18th to 20th centuries in Central Asia (currently Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), since antiquity, most recently in cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, and Dushanbe."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Other:"},{"insert":" Words from languages other than those specified above. "},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Who tends to use it"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"A lexicon is more comprehensive when it includes sociolinguistic information. While any person - Jewish or not - might use any of the words in this lexicon, research has shown that certain types of people are more likely to use certain words (see\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.bjpa.org\/Publications\/details.cfm?PublicationID=3874"},"insert":"Benor and Cohen\u2019s 2009 survey results"},{"insert":" and\u00a0"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/2902462\/Mensch_bentsh_and_balagan_Variation_in_the_American_Jewish_linguistic_repertoire"},"insert":"Benor\u2019s 2011 academic paper"},{"insert":"). The groups we included are based mostly on Benor and Cohen\u2019s survey data:\n\nJewishness and religiosity"},{"attributes":{"header":3},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Religious:"},{"insert":" Jews who are engaged in religious observance and have some Jewish education\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Orthodox:"},{"insert":" Jews who identify as Orthodox and observe halacha (Jewish law)\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Jews:"},{"insert":" Jews of diverse religious backgrounds and organizational involvements\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Non-Jews:"},{"insert":" (words that have spread outside of Jewish networks and words used by non-Jews to refer to Jews)\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Chabad:"},{"insert":" Jews affiliated with the Chabad Lubavitch movement\n\nConnections"},{"attributes":{"header":3},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Camp:"},{"insert":" Jews who attend or work at a Jewish overnight summer camp\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Israel:"},{"insert":" Diaspora Jews who feel connected to Israel and have spent time there\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Organizations:"},{"insert":" People involved in a professional or volunteer capacity with Jewish nonprofit organizations\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Ethnic:"},{"insert":" Jews whose Jewish identity is primarily ethnic\n\nAge"},{"attributes":{"header":3},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Older:"},{"insert":" Jews who are middle-aged and older\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Younger:"},{"insert":" Jews in their 30s or younger\n\nAncestry"},{"attributes":{"header":3},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Ashkenazim:"},{"insert":" Jews with Ashkenazi heritage\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Sephardim:"},{"insert":" Jews with Sephardi or Mizrahi heritage\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Syrian:"},{"insert":" Jews with recent ancestry in Syria\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Persian:"},{"insert":" Jews with recent ancestry in Iran\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Bukharian:"},{"insert":" Jews with ancestry in Central Asia, such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Juhuro:"},{"insert":" Jews with ancestry in the Caucasus region, such as Azerbaijan and Dagestan, also known as Kavkazi, Gorsky, or Mountain Jews\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Russian:"},{"insert":" Jews whose ancestors were Russian-speaking Jews and migrated to English-speaking countries from the Soviet Union or Russia from the 1980s to the present\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"North African:"},{"insert":" Jews with ancestry in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, or Egypt\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Yemenite:"},{"insert":" Jews with ancestry in Yemen\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Ottoman Sephardim:"},{"insert":" Jews with ancestry in Spain and, post-expulsion, in Turkey, Greece, and other parts of the Ottoman Empire\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Kurdistan:"},{"insert":" Jews with ancestry in the Kurdish region of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Iraqi:"},{"insert":" Jews with ancestry in Iraq\n\nThese categories are not intended to represent all subdivisions of American Jews, and they are by no means mutually exclusive; some individuals are part of six or more of the groups. In the absence of specific research on most of the words in this lexicon, this column is based mostly on the impressions of the people who entered the words or subsequently added suggestions; feel free to suggest as you see fit. As these categories suggest, Jewish English is not a homogenous language but rather an umbrella category for English spoken by a diverse group of people.\n\nJewish English Dictionaries cited in the database"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"italic":true,"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/New-Joys-Yiddish-Completely-ebook\/dp\/B003FCTYWU\/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397977&sr=8-4"},"insert":"The New Joys of Yiddish"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/New-Joys-Yiddish-Completely-ebook\/dp\/B003FCTYWU\/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397977&sr=8-4"},"insert":", by Leo Rosten and Lawrence Bush (New York, 2003[1968])."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"italic":true,"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Yiddish-English-America-Judaic-Studies\/dp\/0817311033\/ref=sr_1_10?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398146&sr=1-10"},"insert":"Yiddish and English: A Century of Yiddish in America"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Yiddish-English-America-Judaic-Studies\/dp\/0817311033\/ref=sr_1_10?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398146&sr=1-10"},"insert":", by Sol Steinmetz (Tuscaloosa, 1986)."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"italic":true,"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/The-Joys-of-Hebrew-ebook\/dp\/B003XVZYG8\/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397848&sr=8-2"},"insert":"The Joys of Hebrew"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/The-Joys-of-Hebrew-ebook\/dp\/B003XVZYG8\/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397848&sr=8-2"},"insert":", by Lewis Glinert (New York, 1992)."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"italic":true,"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Frumspeak-Dictionary-Yeshivish-Chaim-Weiser\/dp\/1568216149\/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397903&sr=8-1"},"insert":"Frumspeak: The First Dictionary of Yeshivish"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Frumspeak-Dictionary-Yeshivish-Chaim-Weiser\/dp\/1568216149\/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321397903&sr=8-1"},"insert":", by Chaim Weiser (Northvale, 1995)."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"italic":true,"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Dictionary-Jewish-Words-JPS-Guide\/dp\/0827608322\/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398335&sr=1-1"},"insert":"The JPS Dictionary of Jewish Words"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Dictionary-Jewish-Words-JPS-Guide\/dp\/0827608322\/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398335&sr=1-1"},"insert":", by Joyce Eisenberg and Ellen Scolnic, (Philadelphia, 2001)."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"italic":true,"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Dictionary-Jewish-Usage-Guide-Terms\/dp\/0742543870\/ref=sr_1_7?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398146&sr=1-7"},"insert":"Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms"},{"attributes":{"color":"#005acf","link":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Dictionary-Jewish-Usage-Guide-Terms\/dp\/0742543870\/ref=sr_1_7?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1321398146&sr=1-7"},"insert":", by Sol Steinmetz (Lanham, MD, 2005)."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Instructions for adding recordings"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"link":"https:\/\/jel.jewish-languages.org\/register"},"insert":"Register"},{"insert":" to add recordings."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"link":"https:\/\/jel.jewish-languages.org\/login"},"insert":"Log in"},{"insert":"."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Search for an entry you want to add a recording for, and click on the result to go to that entry."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"You should see a "},{"attributes":{"background":"transparent","color":"#000000"},"insert":"RECORD A PRONUNCIATION"},{"insert":" button and a "},{"attributes":{"background":"transparent","color":"#000000"},"insert":"RECORD A SENTENCE button"},{"insert":". Click on the appropriate button."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Type the spelling of the pronunciation you are recording. Usually this will be the same as the entry\u2019s primary spelling, but sometimes it will differ, such as \"Shabbat\" vs. \"Shabes.\""},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Type a rough transcription of the pronunciation you\u2019re adding. This should use capital letters for the stressed syllable, such as \u201cshah-BAHT\u201d or \u201cSHAH-biss.\u201d"},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Hit the RECORD button. A box will pop up; you may have to give the website permission to access your microphone."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Follow the instructions in the box to record your pronunciation. Don\u2019t forget to click SUBMIT."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Remember to pronounce the word as you'd pronounce it when speaking English, not as you'd pronounce it when speaking Hebrew, Yiddish, or another language."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Tips for making a high-quality recording:\nMake sure you are in a quiet room with little to no background noise. Watch out for things like fans or refrigerators humming in the background!"},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"If you have an external microphone, please use that; if not, the built-in microphone on your device is OK as well."},{"attributes":{"list":"bullet"},"insert":"\n"}]}' 'hasOrigins' => true 'hasRegions' => true 'hasTypes' => true 'hasDictionaries' => true 'UTFRangeStart' => '0x0041' 'UTFRangeEnd' => '0x005A' 'righttoleft' => false 'googleAnalytics' => 'GTM-5R6Q4HR8' 'googleAnalyticsOld' => 'UA-71563013-2' 'hasTypeCategories' => (int) 1 '[new]' => false '[accessible]' => [ 'name' => true, 'subdomain' => true, 'i18nspec' => true, 'translationfile' => true, 'HeaderImage' => true, 'AboutSec1Header' => true, 'AboutSec1Text' => true, 'AboutSec1Text_json' => true, 'AboutSec2Header' => true, 'AboutSec2Text' => true, 'AboutSec2Text_json' => true, 'AboutSec3Header' => true, 'AboutSec3Text' => true, 'AboutSec3Text_json' => true, 'AboutSec4Header' => true, 'AboutSec4Text' => true, 'AboutSec4Text_json' => true, 'NotesSec1Header' => true, 'NotesSec1Text' => true, 'NotesSec1Text_json' => true, 'hasOrigins' => true, 'hasRegions' => true, 'hasTypes' => true, 'hasDictionaries' => true, 'words' => true, 'UTFRangeStart' => true, 'UTFRangeEnd' => true, 'righttoleft' => true, ] '[dirty]' => [ ] '[original]' => [ ] '[originalFields]' => [ (int) 0 => 'id', (int) 1 => 'name', (int) 2 => 'subdomain', (int) 3 => 'i18nspec', (int) 4 => 'translationfile', (int) 5 => 'HeaderImage', (int) 6 => 'LogoImage', (int) 7 => 'AboutSec1Header', (int) 8 => 'AboutSec1Text', (int) 9 => 'AboutSec1Text_json', (int) 10 => 'AboutSec2Header', (int) 11 => 'AboutSec2Text', (int) 12 => 'AboutSec2Text_json', (int) 13 => 'AboutSec3Header', (int) 14 => 'AboutSec3Text', (int) 15 => 'AboutSec3Text_json', (int) 16 => 'AboutSec4Header', (int) 17 => 'AboutSec4Text', (int) 18 => 'AboutSec4Text_json', (int) 19 => 'NotesSec1Header', (int) 20 => 'NotesSec1Text', (int) 21 => 'NotesSec1Text_json', (int) 22 => 'hasOrigins', (int) 23 => 'hasRegions', (int) 24 => 'hasTypes', (int) 25 => 'hasDictionaries', (int) 26 => 'UTFRangeStart', (int) 27 => 'UTFRangeEnd', (int) 28 => 'righttoleft', (int) 29 => 'googleAnalytics', (int) 30 => 'googleAnalyticsOld', (int) 31 => 'hasTypeCategories', ] '[virtual]' => [ ] '[hasErrors]' => false '[errors]' => [ ] '[invalid]' => [ ] '[repository]' => 'Languages' }Copy Copy


	`$language = $this->fetchTable('Languages');`

	`$alphabet = [];`
	`$start = hexdec($sitelang->UTFRangeStart);`
	`$end = hexdec($sitelang->UTFRangeEnd);`

	`foreach (range($start, $end) as $codePoint) {`
	`$character = html_entity_decode("&#$codePoint;", ENT_COMPAT, "UTF-8");`

	`* @return void`
	`*/`
	`public function invokeAction(Closure $action, array $args): void`
	`{`
	`$result = $action(...$args);`
	`if ($result !== null) {`
	`assert(`
	`$result instanceof Response,`
	`sprintf(`

	`$args = $this->getActionArgs(`
	`$action,`
	`array_values((array)$controller->getRequest()->getParam('pass')),`
	`);`
	`$controller->invokeAction($action, $args);`

	`$result = $controller->shutdownProcess();`
	`if ($result !== null) {`
	`return $result;`


	`return $runner->run($middlewareQueue, $controller->getRequest(), $this);`
	`}`

	`return $this->handle($controller->getRequest());`
	`}`

	`/**`
	`* Invoke the action.`

	`}`

	`$controller = $this->controllerFactory->create($request);`

	`return $this->controllerFactory->invoke($controller);`
	`}`
	`}`

	`return $middleware->process($request, $this);`
	`}`

	`if ($this->fallbackHandler) {`
	`return $this->fallbackHandler->handle($request);`
	`}`

	`return new Response([`
	`'body' => 'Middleware queue was exhausted without returning a response '`


	`if ($method === 'GET' && $cookieData === null) {`
	`$token = $this->createToken();`
	`$request = $request->withAttribute('csrfToken', $this->saltToken($token));`
	`$response = $handler->handle($request);`

	`return $this->_addTokenCookie($token, $request, $response);`
	`}`

	`if ($this->queue->valid()) {`
	`$middleware = $this->queue->current();`
	`$this->queue->next();`

	`return $middleware->process($request, $this);`
	`}`

	`if ($this->fallbackHandler) {`
	`return $this->fallbackHandler->handle($request);`

	`*/`
	`public function process(ServerRequestInterface $request, RequestHandlerInterface $handler): ResponseInterface`
	`{`
	`if (!in_array($request->getMethod(), $this->methods, true)) {`
	`return $handler->handle($request);`
	`}`
	`[$type] = explode(';', $request->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'));`
	`$type = strtolower($type);`
	`if (!isset($this->parsers[$type])) {`

	`);`
	`}`
	`$matching = Router::getRouteCollection()->getMiddleware($middleware);`
	`if (!$matching) {`
	`return $handler->handle($request);`
	`}`

	`$container = $this->app instanceof ContainerApplicationInterface`
	`? $this->app->getContainer()`

	`$this->queue = $queue;`
	`$this->queue->rewind();`
	`$this->fallbackHandler = $fallbackHandler;`

	`return $this->handle($request);`
	`}`

	`/**`
	`* Handle incoming server request and return a response.`

	`}`

	`$this->dispatchEvent('Server.buildMiddleware', ['middleware' => $middleware]);`

	`$response = $this->runner->run($middleware, $request, $this->app);`

	`if ($request instanceof ServerRequest) {`
	`$request->getSession()->close();`
	`}`

	`// Bind your application to the server.`
	`$server = new Server(new Application(dirname(__DIR__) . '/config'));`

	`// Run the request/response through the application and emit the response.`
	`$server->emit($server->run());`

	`}`
	`}`

	`// Continue to the next middleware/handler`
	`return $handler->handle($request);`
	`}`
	`}`

	`public function process(ServerRequestInterface $request, RequestHandlerInterface $handler): ResponseInterface`
	`{`
	`$url = $request->getUri()->getPath();`
	`if (str_contains($url, '..') \|\| !str_contains($url, '.')) {`
	`return $handler->handle($request);`
	`}`

	`if (str_contains($url, '/.')) {`
	`return $handler->handle($request);`

	`*/`
	`public function process(ServerRequestInterface $request, RequestHandlerInterface $handler): ResponseInterface`
	`{`
	`try {`
	`return $handler->handle($request);`
	`} catch (RedirectException $exception) {`
	`return $this->handleRedirect($exception);`
	`} catch (Throwable $exception) {`
	`return $this->handleException($exception, Router::getRequest() ?? $request);`